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<title>Laser science</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laser science</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Laser physics" redirects here. For the journal, see <a href="Laser_Physics_(journal)" title="Laser Physics (journal)">Laser Physics (journal)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Laser science</b> or <b>laser physics</b> is a branch of <a href="Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> that describes the theory and practice of <a href="Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Laser science is principally concerned with <a href="Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">quantum electronics</a>, <a href="Laser_construction" title="Laser construction">laser construction</a>, <a href="Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">optical cavity</a> design, the physics of producing a <a href="Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">population inversion</a> in <a href="Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">laser media</a>, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser. It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of <a href="Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beams</a>, with <a href="Laser_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser applications">laser applications</a>, and with associated fields such as <a href="Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics">nonlinear optics</a> and <a href="Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">quantum optics</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></div>

<p>Laser science predates the invention of the laser itself. <a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> created the foundations for the laser and <a href="Maser" title="Maser">maser</a> in 1917, via a paper in which he re-derived <a href="Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>’s law of radiation using a formalism based on probability coefficients (<a href="Einstein_coefficients" title="Einstein coefficients">Einstein coefficients</a>) for the <a href="Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorption</a>, <a href="Spontaneous_emission" title="Spontaneous emission">spontaneous emission</a>, and <a href="Stimulated_emission" title="Stimulated emission">stimulated emission</a> of electromagnetic radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of stimulated emission was confirmed in 1928 by <a href="Rudolf_W._Ladenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf W. Ladenburg">Rudolf W. Ladenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steen,_W._M_1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steen,_W._M_1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant made the earliest laser proposal. He specified the conditions required for light amplification using stimulated emission.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, <a href="Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a> and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission;<sup id="cite_ref-Steen,_W._M_1998_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steen,_W._M_1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1950, <a href="Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a> (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966) proposed the method of <a href="Optical_pumping" title="Optical pumping">optical pumping</a>, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The theoretical principles describing the operation of a microwave laser (a maser) were first described by <a href="Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> and <a href="Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a> at the <i>All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy</i> in May 1952. The first maser was built by <a href="Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a>, <a href="James_P._Gordon" title="James P. Gordon">James P. Gordon</a>, and <a href="Herbert_J._Zeiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert J. Zeiger">Herbert J. Zeiger</a> in 1953. Townes, Basov and Prokhorov were awarded the <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1964 for their research in the field of stimulated emission. <a href="Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a>, <a href="G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a>, and <a href="Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018 for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics.<sup id="cite_ref-N18_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first working laser (a pulsed <a href="Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">ruby laser</a>) was demonstrated on May 16, 1960, by <a href="Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> at the <a href="Hughes_Research_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Research Laboratories">Hughes Research Laboratories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Laser_acronyms" title="Laser acronyms">Laser acronyms</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">List of laser types</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Travis S. (2020). <i>Introduction to laser science and engineering</i> (1st ed.). Boca Raton London New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-138-03639-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1917" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1917). "Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung" [On the Quantum Theory of Radiation] (in German).</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Steen,_W._M_1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steen,_W._M_1998_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steen,_W._M_1998_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steen, W. M. "Laser Materials Processing", 2nd Ed. 1998.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBatani2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Batani, Dimitri (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614115935/http://wwwold.unimib.it/ateneo/presentazione/direzione_ammva/prevenzione_protezione/Semin_sicur_laser.ppt">"Il rischio da laser: cosa è e come affrontarlo; analisi di un problema non così lontano da noi"</a> [The risk from laser: what it is and what it is like facing it; analysis of a problem which is thus not far away from us.]. <i>Programma Corso di Formazione Obbligatorio Anno 2004</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwold.unimib.it/ateneo/presentazione/direzione_ammva/prevenzione_protezione/Semin_sicur_laser.ppt">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Powerpoint)</span> on June 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1966/press.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966"</a>. <i>Presentation Speech by Professor Ivar Waller</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-N18-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N18_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018"</a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTownes,_Charles_Hard" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Charles_Hard_Townes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes, Charles Hard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/284158_townes.html">"The first laser"</a>. <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2019" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Travis (20 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/introduction-laser-science-engineering-travis-taylor/10.1201/b22159"><i>Introduction to Laser Science and Engineering</i></a> (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2Fb22159">10.1201/b22159</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781315178561</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201244143">201244143</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614025123/http://repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu/sam/laserfaq.htm">A very detailed tutorial on lasers</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Lasers281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_laser_articles" title="List of laser articles">List of laser articles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">List of laser types</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_laser_applications" title="List of laser applications">List of laser applications</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_acronyms" title="Laser acronyms">Laser acronyms</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_laser" title="Chemical laser">Chemical laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">Dye laser</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bubble_laser" title="Bubble laser">Bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid-crystal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">Gas laser</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">Carbon dioxide</a></li>

<li><a href="Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">Excimer</a></li>

<li><a href="Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">Helium–neon</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrogen_laser" title="Nitrogen laser">Nitrogen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">Solid-state laser</a>

<li><a href="Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman</a></li>

<li><a href="Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">Active laser medium</a></li>

<li><a href="Amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Amplified spontaneous emission">Amplified spontaneous emission</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser ablation</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_linewidth" title="Laser linewidth">Laser linewidth</a></li>

<li><a href="Lasing_threshold" title="Lasing threshold">Lasing threshold</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">Population inversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrashort_pulse_laser" title="Ultrashort pulse laser">Ultrashort pulse</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser optics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beam_expander" title="Beam expander">Beam expander</a></li>

<li><a href="Beam_homogenizer" title="Beam homogenizer">Beam homogenizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">Chirped pulse amplification</a></li>

<li><a href="Gain-switching" title="Gain-switching">Gain-switching</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beam</a></li>

<li><a href="Injection_seeder" title="Injection seeder">Injection seeder</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_beam_profiler" title="Laser beam profiler">Laser beam profiler</a></li>

<li><a href="M_squared" title="M squared">M squared</a></li>

<li><a href="Mode_locking" title="Mode locking">Mode locking</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple-prism_grating_laser_oscillator" title="Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator">Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">Optical cavity</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">Optical isolator</a></li>

<li><a href="Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">Output coupler</a></li>

<li><a href="Q-switching" title="Q-switching">Q-switching</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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